Consumer Reports Heat Pumps 2015 - A simple multilevel vector space modulation technique and a MATLAB system generator built FPGA implementation for a three level neutral clamped inverter.
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Consumer Reports Heat Pumps 2015
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Received: October 3, 2019 / Revised: November 7, 2019 / Accepted: November 8, 2019 / Published: November 13, 2019
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As in other countries with a cold climate, heating and domestic hot water (DHW) bills make up the bulk of Lithuania's domestic energy demand. Heat pump technology is one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been entering the Lithuanian market since 2002 and today there are many examples of good practice in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. The use of heat pumps is economically beneficial in the Baltic region and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factors (SPFs) ranging from 1.8 to 5.6. Lower SPF values are usually attributed to air source heat pumps, while higher efficiencies are achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, the adoption of new technologies such as solar-based heat pumps, suction pumps and heat pumps integrated in foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls is slow. This paper provides a critical overview of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a case study for cold climates to analyze market trends in the European context. Potential trends for the development of heat pump technology in terms of application areas, cost-benefit projections and environmental aspects are discussed.
Stove; hot tap water (DHW); air, ground and water heat pumps (ASHP, GSHP and WSHP); coefficient of performance (COP); seasonal performance factor (SPF); energy stack; energy tunnel
) emissions in Lithuania and other European Union (EU) countries [1]. About 26% of all final energy consumption in the EU is needed for heating and DHW [2]. In recent years, the European Commission (EC) has set a new target for the construction sector to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 90% by 2050 [3]. As reported in the European Work Program 2014/15, more than 17% of the EU's primary energy saving potential by 2050 [4] is related to building renovation.
The heat pump (HP) is an environmentally friendly and renewable energy technology that uses renewable heat energy from the ground, air or water for buildings or industrial applications by changing the natural heat flow from a lower to a higher usable temperature [5]. In an electrically powered HP, the amount of heat transferred can be three to four times greater than the electrical power consumed, resulting in a coefficient of performance (COP) between 3 and 4. It is described by the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP). average COP during the heating season.
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In addition to COP and SCOP, another important parameter to consider when describing HP's energy performance is their seasonal performance factor (SPF). This SPF is the "net seasonal coefficient of performance in active mode", the ratio between the annual useful energy supplied by the HP and the annual energy supplied to the entire heating and/or DHW system, under real operating conditions [6].
As reported by Zimny et al. [7], the theoretical understanding of the HP system allows the construction of the first device in the second half of the 19th century; however, industrial-scale applications were not introduced until after World War I. It was around this time that electric drives for compressors became standard, allowing for smaller devices.
In 1945, John Sumner, an electrical engineer for the City of Norwich, installed an experimental water source HP (WSHP). It fed the central heating system and used a nearby river to heat the city's new administrative buildings [8]. It showed a seasonal performance factor (SPF) of 3.42 and an average thermal emission of 147 kW and a peak power output of 234 kW. Despite the effectiveness and efficiency of the system, it was not widely adopted in the UK due to the relative availability of cheap fossil fuels, such as coal at the time and later oil and gas from the North Sea.
The new technology was widespread in Switzerland due to the scarcity of fossil fuels. A 100 kW HP was installed in Zurich Town Hall in 1938 and 35 HP devices were installed in Switzerland between 1938 and 1945 [9]. The development of HP technologies was inhibited after World War II by the fall in fossil fuel prices, only gaining momentum after the oil crisis of 1973 and 1979 [10, 11]. Over the next two decades, several countries launched programs to support research into HP technologies, national HP associations were formed, product quality guidelines and certification protocols were developed, and more technologically mature products entered the market.
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The European Heat Pump Association (EHPA) reported in 2018 that European HP sales grew by more than 10% in 2017 for the third consecutive year. After selling 1.1 million HP units in Europe in 2017, the total number of units. continents reached 10.6 million in a 20-year period, and the total share of installed capacity in the construction market was 5%. The contribution of these facilities reduced CO2 emissions by 29.8 million tons, while generating 116 TWh of energy. This in turn saved 148 TWh of energy and created a total of 54,000 equivalent jobs in Europe. France, Italy and Spain are the leaders in HP's European markets, with a share of 50% of all units sold. The top 10 countries, including Sweden, Germany, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland and Austria, account for 90% of all units sold. In terms of market penetration, Norway, Estonia and Finland are the leaders in sales per capita [12].
The first research on Lithuanian HP was presented at the end of the 20th century when A. Zukauskas [13] reported the monograph entitled "Energy transfer process in heat pumps". That was the beginning of HP research in Lithuania. XXI At the beginning of this century, several studies were carried out [5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], mainly because of the increase in the price of energy produced in the conventional. (ie district heating, solid fuels and natural gas). These studies focused on the energy efficiency and environmental aspects of HPs.
The HP market in Lithuania was only established in 2002 and its popularity is constantly growing. However, the market was still limited at the time and did not grow significantly until 2013. Due to other factors resulting from the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, the HP market experienced significant growth. Due to the financial confidence of households, relatively more expensive systems are relatively easy to purchase. Increasing home deliveries also helped the market increase the use of HPs. Falling prices and stimulative economic factors fueled the growth of the market [5, 23].
According to a study published in 2016 [5], most end users were wealthy and getting HPs was a matter of status and convenience. One third of HPs sold in 2013 were installed in new buildings, representing approximately 4% of all new heating installations. The share of the new-build segment fell slightly compared to the previous decade. Today, HPs are technologically well developed and therefore popular with consumers. The technology has found its way into industrial and transportation applications [7].
Clean Heat Working Group
The purpose of this article is to provide a critical overview of HP technologies
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